Philosophy Of Life And Education Education Essay

The deferral and difficult long periods of study and satisfaction of scholarly requests will in the blink of an eye be finished. I meet the opportunity of moving on from this University with an evaluation in Business Finance with arranged emotions. To start with, there is lightening that all the hours that I have placed so as to achieve this venturing rock into the universe of concern have in the long run paid off. Second, there is pride that I had the option to help through so much non just scholastically however close to for my ain self-improvement inside the duration of my group in the University. Third, there is other than the dread that I feel happens to course to each former student as he ventures out of a natural domain and into a new one. I know, alongside each graduate this twelvemonth, that the existent universe of work will be a lot harder than the scholarly world. Nonetheless, I am sure that with my solid foundation in expansive guidance and in my field of specialization, I will have the option to see my finishes to fulfillment. There are three essential finishes throughout my life at this impossible to miss cut which accentuate on family unit, individual, and cultural obligations. My first end is to accept an effective calling as a man of undertakings as I satisfy the family unit obligation of pull offing the family unit concern. Having originated from a conventional Eastern family unit, I am required to assume control over the reins of the worry which my ascendants have toiled to set up so as to get the requests of the family unit. At the point when I graduate, I will understudy under my male parent until I have satisfactory experience to actually run the palm oil worry that my family unit possesses. In my progress, family unit ever comes preeminent. This is my way of regarding all the relinquishes that my folks have accomplished for me so as to gracefully me with a pleasant life and a five star guidance. As my folks progress in age, it is the obligation of the children to take consideration of them in the ir retirement. This is the reason my first significant end now in my life is to in a flash utilize all that I have figured out how to back up my family unit and draw out our help. My second end is of an individual sort. At long last, I need to arraign a graduate evaluation so as to elevate my discernment in concern heading. Acquiring a maestro ‘s grade in concern removal in the nearby from now on will be of incredible guide to me expertly. On an individual degree, I perceive that larning does constant and must be sought after consistently. In add-on to executing the obligations that one ‘s family unit expects of you, one ought to other than observe one ‘s individual developing and advancement as a significant end. My third end identifies with cultural obligation comparable to worry as a calling. During a few classifications I joined in, I learned and valued the obligation for worries to do a positive effect on the network. I think of it as an obligation especially for concerns established in the earth, similar to the oil concern. I had every now and again considered puting up a grant support for qualified at this point impeded children in my locale. There are numerous who are denied of the essential requests in life, for example, guidance that need help from the individuals who can gracefully it for them. I do non accept that the effect of my guidance ought to decipher into doing the most expansion to help the family concern I will in a matter of seconds pull off. Or maybe, as Wood ( 1999 ) expressed, the cultural obligation of concerns incorporates the assignment and rating of concern results non sole of monetary gainfulness or an organization ‘s prosperity yet by rules, for example, moralss and cultural desirableness. I accept that moral conduct of concern and productivity are non equally sole. Moral intentions and cultural obligation support concern while at a similar clasp loaning emphatically to the general public as a rule. I perceive of class, that the universe is experiencing a few cultural, monetary and political turbulences. The ongoing planetary emergencies and the extraordinary soils influencing planetary enterprises Enron and AIG have had a few findings for the universe of concern. Political contrasts everywhere throughout the universe †the Israeli-Palestine battle, psychological militant act, the nuclear danger presented by Iran and North Korea, and the unrefined petroleum wars †influence lives and worries around the universe. Harmony stays tricky. Without harmony, the possibility of monetary and cultural improvement turns out to be much dimmer. Moreover, the activity of clime change other than presents a few derivations for concerns including the worry that I will in no time take. Sporadic conditions structures lead to dry spell, heavy rains, avalanches, tempests and works ailment which will affect the palm oil concern adversely. My desires for the universe inside the accompanying fiv e decennaries are many. In the first place, I look frontward to a progressively reasonable and greenish universe. In light of my commitment in the palm oil industry, I feel that I can make my part in passing on this about. In the palm oil concern, the earth is ever an essential concern. Palm oil organizations are perpetually forced by natural gatherings to chop down their ecological effect, which I believe is only fitting since the business itself depends on feasible situations to do their interests develop. I accept that palm oil concerns should try to actualize plans that would accomplish palm development work agreeably and non adversely with nature. Beside sparing and re-afforestation endeavors, there ought to other than be clear waies in innovative work to think of ways for economical palm oil development and to grow ecologically inviting fuel. The palm oil industry directly presents an other to ozone-destructive unrefined petroleum vitality with biodiesel and oleo-synthetic sub stances. It is of import that these endeavors are carried on to help a greener universe. Second, I other than trust in an all the more socially capable concern area. One of the most sensational acknowledge I had while in school is the judgment that most concerns work with overall gain as the solitary end. A few ventures around the Earth have left crushed conditions, deforested lands, and contaminated Waterss. Moreover, corruptness and malignance other than dog the corporate area following the ongoing group of soils influencing the top foreman of financial organizations. I feel that providing a delineation to other concern pioneers and concern owners on working morally in the conduct of one ‘s concern will be significant. In this mode, I believe I can sometime loan to making an all the more socially dependable concern part. Anyway impractical I am to see this expectation acknowledged, I perceive that most business networks won't take the moral position. I accept that the percep tual experience of numerous in the worry area is that net gain is the main role, the cultural obligation closes are just discretionary. I accept that non having the option to decide future concern pioneers to go all the more socially touchy is a deformity of present day twenty-four hours guidance. Instruction in the schoolroom has neglected to decipher into work powers and grown-up females who care about the universe and who are equipped for taking a gander at things from a bigger position. This is one of the central grounds I am appreciative that my school guidance has become an engaging encounter for me. Previously, I used to be impassive to the occasions that shape and reshape the universe. My inclusion has simply been self-conservation and self-progression. The twenty-four hours I ventured into the college, I settled that I will cause all that I to can to stick out and do my family glad for me. Be that as it may, the exercises and classs I have taken have constrained me to reconsider my ain finishes and positions throughout everyday life. As C.S. Lewis expressed, the liberating character of guidance changes a stu dent from â€Å" an obstinate little bundle of appetencies † toward â€Å" the great grown-up male and the productive member of society † ( qtd. in Dunn 1 ) . As I graduate, I plan to go that grown-up male C.S. Lewis was referencing to. A school guidance has accomplished such a great deal in pitching me towards that way. Initial, a school guidance has built up my capacity to accept freely. In view of the different exercises that I have learned inside the schoolroom, from the humanistic controls, teaching, political logical order, and monetary sciences, I have become individual who can accept for himself. Previously, I used to arrange no suppositions about most things or issues. However, a school guidance has made me progressively opinionative and relatively liberated from the bounds of customary or traditional idea. Second, it has made me progressively reproachful of the notions of others as great. The tendency for students or children is to trust on the insight of the individuals who are more experient than they are. As I found out more and tried to teach myself on issues that sway me as a resident, I found that I done separating to what my folks or equivalents state and think. The more sceptered my head has become, the more I can show myself. Third, a school guidance has other than driven me to ack nowledge decent variety in grouped signifiers. The approval that originates from guidance permits us to see the universe from a more extensive focal point. By larning about various civic establishments, hypotheses, and settings, I have gotten increasingly involved to the overview of history and human advancement. I concede that, being of Eastern plummet, I convey with me a few biass and biased impressions about individuals, occasions, and issues. The more I learned, all things considered, the more I understood that I was erroneously in a large portion of these convictions. I have other than built up the achievement to set things into the best possible setting and equity with a detached and basic head. A school guidance has other than helped me comprehend the universe better. It has made me fully aware of a various arrangement of regulations and records of marvels that I have ne'er even set out to cognize around. Before I began school, numerous things stayed obscure or bewildering to me. For case, I neglected to comprehend why Islamic fanaticism exists and why pe

Lab Report Help Sample

Lab Report Help Paper Mrs. Wolf Period:3 AP Chem Lab Report: Determination Of the Molar Volume Of a Gas Objective: TO respond MGM and HCI and structure hydrogen gas, at that point in the wake of gathering lab information, decide the hydrogen gass molar volume at STEP through figuring. Materials: - Labiates information gatherer ; 3. MM of HCI arrangement Ribbon of MGM metal Gas pressure sensor Temperature test 600 ml recepticle 125 ml Erlenmeyer flagon 20 ml gas syringe Rubber plug with two-way valve Plastic tubing Analytical parity Procedure: I. Recover an Erlenmeyer cup at that point decide its volume. 2. Get a MGM lace from educator at that point make a point to clean until test is a metallic silver at that point measure strip on an expository equalization at that point place in flagon, subsequently record mass in your information. 3. Fill an enormous recepticle With room temperature water. 4. Start up Labiates and join the weight and temperature test. 5. Associate an elastic plug to the weight test and later to the carafe with valve shut so that definitely no hydrogen gas will get away. 6. Gangs a five ml test 3. 0 M HCI arrangement and spot in a syringe. Associate syringe to the two-path valve on plug 7. Computations for % blunder 22. 4-224 = 0% for preliminaries one and two. 224 6. An understudy neglects to clean each example of MGM lace before massing them, What impact does this mistake have on the determined molar volume of hydrogen gas? Scientifically legitimize your answer The mass of the MGM strip would be higher than it should which would prompt the moles of MGM and H2O (since the two of them have a mole proportion) to be higher hen it should. At that point when you isolate liters by moles in the molar volume computation you will separate by a bigger mole number, consequently creating a more modest number for the molar volume. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab Report Help explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Lab Report Help explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Lab Report Help explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Which thus would give lower liters per mole proportion and State that there is less H2O gas then there really is. Molar Volume Calculation for twisted preliminary one ;0. 011 L H2O = IS. Mm/L (4. 9 x 10-4 - e . 0002 mol of mutilation) 7. An alternate understudy neglects to embed the plug into the jar while deciding the accessible volume of the 125 ml cup. What impact does this mistake has on the determined molar volume? Scientifically legitimize your answer. A portion of the H2O gas would be let out, in this way thusly would bring down the volume of the gas and giving it a lower molar volume. Molar Volume Calculation for mutilated preliminary two: (0. 13-0. 002 L gas let out) 5. 8 x 10_4 = 19. 0 m/L Summary: What was essentially expected to be done in this lab was we were to respond a lace of magnesium and a HCI arrangement within an Erlenmeyer jar to shape H2O gas. While we were doing this we were to gather every extraordinary sort of information factors, for example, temperature an d weight, During the presentation of the ABA we needed to ensure that we set up the sensors, syringe and elastic plug all accurately, in any case blunders, for example, gas getting away or a wrong weight perusing could all prompt the molar volume count being twisted. A few things that could shade been found out by doing this lab would utilize gas conditions and some lab information you can extend a molar volume for truly any gas. Likewise I could tone figured out how to work a wide range of lab gear that have never had any experience utilizing, such and the syringe and figuring out how to effectively utilize a two-way elastic plug. The information was given since I wasnt there to play out the lab gave me a zero percent blunder when I worked the numbers through the estimations, yet as recently expressed there could be numerous wellsprings of mistake including not cleaning of the magnesium, adding to a great part of the HCI arrangement, not utilizing the syringe effectively, and perhaps letting out a portion of the H2O since somebody may have inadvertently left the two way valve open. In general this seems as though a lab were a huge measure of indispensable abilities could have been educated, and Im seriously baffled that needed to miss it.

Understanding Profitability Index Method

Understanding Profitability Index Method The profitability index is a ratio of an investment’s benefits to the cost involved in making the investment.It is an index used to measure the present value of future cash flow compared to the initial investment.This measurement is more of a prediction of the profitability of investing in a given project. It helps you or the company using it to decide whether to invest in a project or not.This index can be used by individual investors to make investment decisions.However, it is mostly used by companies which are about to venture into projects and they need to know their viability. It is also used to compare two or more different projects so as to decide which one to invest in.The use of the profitability index is in line with the need to maximize investments while lowering costs.As you make an investment, your goal is to gain significant returns which will offset the initial investment you put in.This is basically how you make profits from your investments.Other terms for the prof itability index are the Profit Investment Ration (PIR) and the Value Investment Ratio (VIR).When considering several investment-grade projects, the profitability index serves to rank the projects in order of best return on initial investment.This makes it easy for you to choose which one to go for.The higher the profitability index, the better the returns to be realized.PROFITABILITY INDEX FORMULASThe profitability index is calculated using several variables which depict different aspects of the investment.There are two different formulas used.Let’s look at them separately.Formula 1This is the more simple and direct formula. It uses the present value of future cash flow and the initial investment required.PI = Present value of future cash flow / Initial investment requiredThe present value of future cash flow seeks to understand how valuable the returns to be received are. This is based on the reasoning that $1 held today cannot be of the same value as $1 next year.This reasoning is true because the value of money never remains constant. This is not because the value can itself change but because its purchasing power can, and does, change.One of the biggest determining factors of the purchasing power of money is the ever-changing force of demand and supply. If the supply of a commodity is low, then the product becomes expensive.The amount of money you previously needed to buy the product is then no longer enough. Source: Hands on bankingAnother factor which indirectly affects the demand and supply while directly affecting the value of money is inflation.High inflation makes life expensive, thus the value of money goes down.These factors are what lead investors and companies looking for an investment to calculate potential returns.They need to know how much value the future returns will have if they were held today.Example calculationThe management of company A is thinking of building a new factory to supplement its current factory’s operations.They are projecting an increase in demand for their products. In order to be able to handle the new orders, they are considering this move.Since they don’t want to invest in a project which won’t provide good returns, they give their finance team some work. They are to calculate the profitability index of the new investment.The expected cash flow is $250,000 and the initial investment is $200,000. below is the calculation of the profitability inde x.PI = Preset value of future cash flow / Initial investment requiredPI = 250,000 / 200,000 = 1.25With a PI of 1.25, the project is worth undertaking. Any index greater than 1 is a sign of good returns.Formula 2The second formula requires more calculations to be done. It is shown below.Profitability Index Formula = 1 + (Net Present Value / Initial Investment Required)To use this formula, you will need to find the Net present value. The Net present value is arrived at by using the below formula.Net present value = Present value of future cash flow â€" Initial investment requiredExample calculationTo show how both these formulas give the same results, we will use the example from the first formula.With the initial investment being $200,000 and the present value of future cash flow being $250,000, here is what the calculation would be like.First, calculate the Net present value.Net present value = Present value of future cash flow â€" Initial investment requiredNet present value = 250, 000 â€" 200,000 = 50,000Now calculate the PI.PI = 1 + (Net Present Value / Initial Investment Required)PI = 1 + (50,000 / 200,000) = 1.25In other instances, you may have a list of the specific expected cash flows for every year the new project is to run. In that case, the same formulas stand, only that you will have a longer process to follow.This process adds another factor called discounted value. This is essentially the present value of the future amount.This is from the earlier-mentioned idea that the current value of money is not equal to its value later in time, e.g. 1 year later.Generally, money to be received later in time is considered to have a lower present value than money held in the present.Discounting therefore reduces the amount of money by a specific percentage.Let’s look at an example.Company X is considering an investment. In its calculations, the expected cash flow for the first 3 years are $70,000, $65,000 and $82,000. The initial investment is $120,000. To ca lculate the PI, we will first need to get the total present value of those projected earnings.Since the present value has to be a discounted amount of the figures, here is what to do assuming a discount rate of 10%.Present value = Estimated cash flow value / (1 + Discount rate) ^ nWhere n is the number of year in which the given cash flow amount is received.We will calculate the discounted values then add them up to get the total present value.Year 1: 70,000 / (1 + 0.1) ^1 = 63,636.36Year 2: 65,000 / (1 + 0.1) ^2 = 53,719.01Year 3: 82,000 / (1 + 0,1) ^3 = 61,607.81Total: 178,963.18With this as the present value of cash flow, we then calculate the Profitability index.Keep in mind that the Net present value is attained by subtracting the initial investment requirement from the present value of future cash flow, which is what we have as the total discounted amount (178,963.18).PI = 1 + (Net Present Value / Initial Investment Required)PI = 1 + ((178,963.18 â€" 120,000) / 120,000)PI = 1. 49We can verify this using the first formula.PI = Preset value of future cash flow / Initial investment requiredPI = 178,963.18 / 120,000PI = 1.49INTERPRETING THE PROFITABILITY INDEX VALUEBeing a means of telling which project is worth investing in, the profitability index gives a number which you need to interpret.Just as the ratio of the calculation is important, so is the interpretation of the same.There are three different values or value ranges you can get from any of the formulas you choose.More than 1 â€" a PI value of more than 1 means that the project is a good investment. It is a sign that you will get more than you put in for the investment. Any time you calculate PI and get a value of more than 1, then consider the project viable.Equal to 1 â€" when you get a PI value which is equal to 1, it means that the investment will give the very amount you put in. This is not a good project to invest in. When things are neutral, consider the chances of loss being higher than those of gains. Stay away from such investments.Less than 1 â€" any investment whose PI is less than 1 is a risky one. A value of less than 1 means that the returns are less than the initial investment. The project is a guaranteed loss-making investment. Run away.ADVANTAGES OF THE PROFITABILITY INDEXThe purpose of any formula devised to check investments for profitability is to provide guidance and assurance.Here are some good reasons as to why you should use the profitability index.Shows a project’s worthThe very nature of the profitability index will give you a good idea of the worth of the project you are looking to invest in.Being a ratio of the project benefits to investment cost, it cannot get clearer than this.This borrows from the concept of cost-benefit analysis.With this concept, anything you do has to be evaluated to find out whether the benefits outweigh the costs involved. Although the cost-benefit analysis is applicable in all areas of life, there is no situation better s uited for it than the investment world.Using the profitability index, you are able to see the kind of return you may get from an investment. The calculation process itself will give you helpful information and will force you to make some detailed considerations.For example, to get the estimated yearly cash flow from the project, you will have to do some math. This is different from other investment appraisals which consider the market rate and other external factors.Also, the calculation results have a clear way of showing whether a particular investment is worth your money.Accounts for risk involvedThe profitability index takes into account the ever-present risk factor which other formulas may not. Although the formulas have no variable called risk, the risk is factored in using the discounted valuation.When an expected cash flow is discounted by a certain percentage, this is the risk factor being taken care of.Those amounts get reduced depending on the riskiness of the investment. Thus a project which seems more risky will have the discount rate being higher than for the project which is less risky.The higher the discount rate, the more the expected cash flow is reduced. This gives an accurate picture of the true amount which can be practically realized as a return.This also helps in correctly comparing different projects so as to minimize the risk of making the wrong choice.Can help know how investment will affect the company’s value?Every move made by a company has an impact on the company’s overall value. If a company is expanding and the market indicates that this is a good move, the company’s value increases. If a company is involved in research and development and it announces a major breakthrough, its value will go up.On the other hand, if a company experiences a reduction in profits, its value goes down. If this happens for two consecutive years, stock prices get affected and investors may sell their shares.Something similar happens with new pro jects undertaken by companies. If it is a good move and it’s bound to increase their profits, the company’s total value goes up.In this case, the profitability index can help a company avoid getting into a situation which will affect its value. Since the index clearly points to the profitability of a project, it enables the decision-makers sustain their company’s economic status.Takes the time value of money into considerationThis is another big advantage of using the profitability index. Investors know that the value of money is not always the same over time.However, not many stock valuation and investment-analyzing techniques factor this in their calculations.Because of that, most individuals and companies only look at the expected rate of return.From this they cultivate the amount of money they will receive after the investment period is over.This happens even for long-term investments.The obvious danger in this is that the money will be received but its value will very lik ely be low. The money may not be able to do much.This means that the returns will actually be less than what they were expected to be.   The profitability index takes this into account and reduces the expected returns accordingly. This is done through the discount rate.This rate checks the risk factor of the investment.But at the same time, it looks into the approximate value of the money to be received in view of the time invested.As such, whereas other profitability formulas will tell you how much you can make, this one will tell you the same but give you a more accurate picture in terms of return value.Makes it easy to pick an investment projectWhen faced with multiple choices for an investment, this index will not only tell you which ones are worth considering but it also ranks them for you.Calculating the profitability index of various projects will give you their viability in straight figures.Just looking at these figures will help you decide which one to go for. You will lite rally know which is number 1, 2, 3 etc.Moreover, since you have access to the figures involved in terms of the expected yearly cash flows, you can decide which one is giving you the best returns.For example, you may be looking at projects A and B. Project A has a PI of 1.5 and over the span of 3 years, has expected cash flows of $115,000, $107,000 and $113,000. Project B on the other hand has a PI of 1.4 with expected cash flows of $235,000 in year one, $256,000 in year two and $248,000 in the third year.You will have to consider other factors playing out in your company’s decision-making process.With that, you might decide to choose project B which gives you more cash flow.The project might however be requiring a higher initial investment.DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROFITABILITY INDEXWith the above advantages, some disadvantages also exist.These are the limitations you will experience out of using the profitability index to assess investment projects.Some of these are discussed below.E stimated future cash flow cannot be guaranteedThe profitability index does a good job in analyzing the expected returns.Despite that, it cannot give a guarantee that those amounts it comes up with are what you will receive.Those figures remain to be estimates, albeit accurate estimates.It will thus be upon the company, or you who is working for it, to understand that the given figures could still change.The issue of estimated figures is common knowledge to investors although they still need to keep it in mind as they make their choices.Different projects can have the same PIPI is a great indicator of a projects profitability. But what happens when you have two or more projects with the same PI? Which one do you pick?This can happen when the calculations of the variables used in the formula match. For example, consider these two examples.Project A has an initial investment of $200,000 and the present value of future cash flow is $250,000. Project B has an initial investment of $400,0 00 with the present value of future cash flow being $500,000. Both these projects will have a PI of 1.25.Which one do you go for?This shows a shortcoming on this index’s side. If it cannot totally differentiate between options, then it might increase the difficulty of making a choice.In such a case, other considerations will have to be made.Cannot compare projects of different durationsIf you want to compare the profitability of projects which have different life spans, the profitability index would not be ideal.When projects run for a long time, their cash flow will provide some extra returns compared to those which run for a short time. Yet you might be able to only choose one project.This will pose a challenge and the PI of both projects may not be the best ratio to rely on.CONCLUSIONThe profitability index gives you an opportunity to determine the profitability of an investment. It helps you further by ranking the various projects you are considering, thus making it easier to choose one.As with other formulas though, it is necessary to remember that these formulas are just but guides.The real returns may vary.

The Civil War - 1295 Words

It is quite obvious that there were many goals to achieve during the Civil War. But discovering the true meaning and vision of the Civil War is the concept that is still researched today by the people of America. In the prologue of Blight’s Race and Reunion he states: (Three overall visions of the Civil War memory collided and combined over time: one, the reconciliationist vision †¦ two, the white supremacist vision †¦ and three, the emancipationist vision†¦) All three of these visions are extremely important, however, I mainly want to stress the importance of the white supremacist vision and the emancipationist vision. An obvious form of the change for the meaning of the Civil War through the period of Reconstruction is through the eyes of emancipationists. Emancipationist’s visions are mainly seen through African American’s eyes as they remember their freedom through the Civil War and Reconstruction. They see the Civil War as a new construction f or the liberation of blacks through citizenship and Constitutional equality. It seems quite obvious that the Blacks did indeed earn more rights as Reconstruction progressed but, there were disagreements of the rights for Blacks. The white supremacist vision did not want the Civil War to be seen as a war fought for the freedom of Blacks and Blacks rights. They wanted the Civil War to be envisioned as a defense of Southern rights as their â€Å"property† (slaves) was soon to be taken. Both of these ideas and interpretations still live on inShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Civil War921 Words   |  4 PagesThere are no doubts that acts of war can have a negative impact on the individuals involved. There are countless stories of the soldiers’ experiences in the war, and how it affected their lives, families, and attitudes. However, there is a large demographic that is hardly accounted for: children, specifically during the Civil War era. 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Many people think that everyone on the Union side of the war believed that blacks should be equal to whites. Most people also think that everyone on the Confederate side of the war believed in slavery. SomeRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War is by far the bloodiest war in American history. In the four deadly years of war, over six-hundred thousand Americans were killed. Many disputes that led to the civil war. These conflicts started even before the presidency of James Buchanan, who was a Democrat elected in the election of 1856. The issue of slavery, states’ rights, the abolitionist movement, the Southern secession, the raid on Harper’s Ferry, the election of Abraham Linc oln all contributed to the start of the Civil War

Harriet Beecher Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin - 1874 Words

When Harriet Jacobs’ narrative Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was initially published, it was believed that the story was fictional. This belief may in part be due to Jacobs’ changing the character’s names to protect the guilty as well as the innocent. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, was very popular when it was first published, despite being controversial. Although both women wrote books in support of the abolishment of slavery, Jacobs, a mulatto freed slave, found it more difficult to get her narrative published. While Stowe’s book was a fictional account based on true life stories, Jacobs’ book was a fictional version of her own life; which resulted in several similarities between the two books. The life stories of†¦show more content†¦Stowe and Yellin xxxii). They were married in 1836 (H. Stowe and Yellin xxxii). The Stowes had seven children, six of which were born during the eighteen years that they lived in Cincinnati (H. Stowe and Yellin x). In 1850, after losing a baby to cholera the year before (H. Stowe and Yellin xi), the Stowes moved back east to Brunswick, Maine (H. Stowe and Yellin xxxiii). There were many differences between Stowe and Jacobs, one of which was the amount of education they received. Jacobs’ life story showed very few parallels between the two women’s lives. Harriet Jacobs was born around 1813, in Edenton, North Carolina (Fleischner and Reim 15). Jacobs’ parents, Delilah and Elijah, were both slaves (Fleischner and Reim 15). Delilah was owned by John Horniblow and Elizabeth Pritchard Horniblow, â€Å"an Edenton innkeeper and his wife† (Fleischner and Reim 15). Elijah belonged to Dr. Andrew Knox, a plantation owner who lived â€Å"several miles northeast of Edenton† (Fleischner and Reim 15). During her first several years, Jacobs, â€Å"her parents and her younger brother, John†, all lived together â€Å"in a house in Edenton†; a living arrangement made possible by her father’s skill as a carpenter (Fleischner and Reim 16). Delilah’s mother, Molly, who helped raise Harriet and John, was also a slave of the Horniblows (Fleischner and Reim 15). Molly sold baked goods to save enough money to purchaseSho w MoreRelatedUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe901 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a story that described the real life plight of an American Slave. Kentucky farmer George Shelby amassed enormous debts and faces the possibility of losing everything he owns. To settle his debts he makes the decision to sell two of his slaves, Uncle Tom and Eliza’s son Harry. Eliza is a young, beautiful quadroon girl who George Shelby’s wife took on as a daughter. Eliza overhears a conversation between George Shelby and his wife concerning the impendingRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe uses the character of Augustine St. Clare to play a very important role in expressing her views of abolition to the reader throughout the novel. St. Clare is, in himself, a huge contradiction of a character, as his way of life is supported by the sa me system that he despises, slavery. St. Clare professes multiple times in the book that slavery is wrong, yet he holds slaves and refuses to release them, making him a hypocrite whose morals are right, mainlyRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1295 Words   |  6 PagesUncle Tom’s Cabin, one of the best classic novels by Harriet Beecher Stowe takes place in Kentucky on Mr. Shelby’s land. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the author communicates to the reader the horrific actions and aftermaths of slavery. She does this by telling the story of slaves who were sold to unpleasant masters, showing slavery rips apart families and loved ones, and by showing how children - both free and slave - are affected by slavery. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin a main point to take away from the bookRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1008 Words   |  5 PagesIn the 1800’s,a horrible sin of slavery took America by storm. Africans were brought to the United States as slaves. They were sold like animals, separated from their families, and forced to work for wealthy white men. They underwent torture, famine, and verbal abuse, the sole reason for their mistreatment being their skin color. Movements were made, protests held, but what no one was expecting was a short white lady by the name of Harriet Beecher Stowe to make the change that no one had yet achievedRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1522 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln is quoted as saying, â€Å"So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.† upon meeting Harriet Beecher Stowe for the first time. The book that the former president is referring to is Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a 1850s book about the moral wrongs of slavery. It has been said to be the most influential anti-slavery book that has ever been written. Harriet Beecher Stowe is an effective author. She uses numerous literary devices such as facile characters, character foils, and symbolismRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1357 Words   |  6 PagesUncle Tom’s cabin Uncle Tom s Cabin from the author Harriet Beecher Stowe, was first published in 1852 was a book that tackled the repulsive acts of slavery. In this paper I will discuss my overview and opinion on this book. It is clear if you have a general idea of this book you would know how to this novel ultimately inspired the civil war. As said by our 16th Abraham Lincoln when he met the author â€Å"so you’re the women who brought this Great War† Uncle Tom’s cabin has had a great influence onRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe975 Words   |  4 PagesThere are numerous likenesses and contrasts between the lives of the slaves from Uncle Tom s Cabin, composed by Harriet Beecher Stowe, and that of the wage slaves from Sinclair s The Jungle. Featured mutually in each books, was slavery. Along with that, both novels allocate the authors’ perspectives on the issue. In Sinclair’s book, he wrote about the lives of the wage slaves, how capitalism aff ected the wage slaves. Meanwhile, Stowe’s consisted more on a religious aspect, going in depth of howRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1019 Words   |  5 PagesUncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is â€Å"one of the most famous books in the world† she is considered to be the woman that started the civil war. This book presents Anti-slavery ideas using Religion, Maternity and the idea of Gender Roles to promote the idea of Anti-Slavery. Throughout Uncle Tom’s Cabin there are â€Å"slave problems†,how slavery destroys and crumble families by splitting apart mother and child along with husband and wive.Stowe argues that these slavery brings out the femininityRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1760 Words   |  8 PagesHarriet Beecher Stowe was born in June 14, 1811 in Lichfield, CT and was the sixth of her family’s eleven children. Beecher’s parents taught their children that their primary life goal was to make their mark. All seven sons became ministers, Isabella (the youngest) founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association, and Harriet revealed the horrifying truths and dissolved the social injustice of slavery. During her 85 years Beecher published thirty novels, but her bestselling book Uncle Tom’s CabinRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesUncle Tom’s Cabin was the most popular story in the mid to late 19th century. There are nearly thousands of copies of that novel sold. The author Harriet Beecher Stowe was an amazing author and abolitionist. The purpose of her writing Uncle Tom’s Cabin is to influence other people to abolish slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was based on Religion and the abolition of slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was epic story in the mid 1800’s because it represents the cruelty of slavery and religious beliefs. Stowe kind

The Reason of Marshall Plan Free Essays

string(58) " not so vital to America, however, were worth to mention\." In June 5th, 1947, Marshall declared a famous speech in Harvard University. The idea of providing economic aid to the all Europe came on the scene. Between 1948 and the end of 1951, United States channeled $12. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reason of Marshall Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 billion aid to Western Europe including grants, loans and in-kind transfer. The effects of Marshall Plan are all-encompassing, for example, contributing to the cold war, helping the recovery of European economy and European integration. Someone called in question about its necessity, someone embraced it as the saver of the world. It is wondered what is the deep reason that pushed America to launch the plan. Though many scholars have written about this topic, this paper will call for reassessment of the existing literature based on recent findings, new methodologies. This essay will specifically argue that the main reasons of the launch of Marshall Plan are the threats of communism and the interweaving interest’s network of America and Europe. In the first part, it will display the urgency of 1947 European crisis. In the next part, it will focus on the threats from the communism and inferred with the Truman doctrine declared before. Next, it will analyze the short-term and long-term interests that America could gain from the plan. After the World War II, the Europe showed a sign of fast recovery at the beginning, and soon faced with increasingly worsening situation. Within several months after the war, through large scale reconstruction of the infrastructure, the industry recovered quickly. People were drowned in the prospect of peace and happiness of a fresh start. However, the limits on the raw material and lack of the energy supply constrained the recovery soon. Further worse, during the winter of 1947, because of the heavy snow, roads, bridges, rail links, and water ways were impassible, hindering the obtaining of raw material and transportation of the products. The thawing snows also flooded coal mines, making the production of steel fell backward significantly. The summer of same year, was called the hottest and driest since records began, and the drought reduced supplies of hydroelectric power. Disillusionment of hopes and desperation hung over people’s hearts. The European crisis of 1947 was more than the misfortune of natural disaster. The disappearance of Germany from the economy is a deeper reason beneath the desperation. During pre-war period, Germany was the main market of European economy. By 1939, the Germany held 38% of Greece exports and one third imports. During pre-war period, the German Ruhr area exported large amounts of coal to France used for the production of steel. Substitute for Germany, America became the main exporting country to Europe. However, another problem came, the dollar crisis. Most European countries imported large amounts of food, coal and raw materials from America, but they have nothing to sell back. France carried $2049 million of payment deficit for buying coal from America annually. The heavy national debts carried by the country brought about the inflation and eroded the confidence of currency. Marshall said in his radio speech: ‘the patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate. So I believe that action cannot await compromise through exhaustion. New issues arise daily. Whatever action is possible to meet these pressing problems must be taken without delay. ’ Marshall claimed that the severe of crisis of Europe and the disagreement between two blocks pushed Marshall or the America to make such choice. Though the plan was initially directed to both eastern and western European countries, it is argued that Marshall knew the refusal of Soviet Union in advance, because soviet had been always against any activity of Germany industry construction and stressed the importance of reparation. Hitchcock argued in his article that the primary trigger of the Marshall Plan was ‘the failure of American policy in occupied Germany’ and the ambition of the European recovery developed later. In addition to the economic crisis, the political situation was especially not going well for America. The initial hope for fast recovery was downgraded into the desperation of living. The situation of capitalism was between the beetle and the block . The failure of post-war government turned out to provide a good opportunity for communists. Especially students and working class valued the communism as the only party that could bring a totally different world, create a classless society. As Kenan wrote in his memoir, ‘the pall of fear hanging over Europe in 1947 was preparing the continent to fall, like a ripe fruit, into Stalin’s hands. ’ America used the plan as an economic barrier to soviet expansion. As said in a CIA report in April, 1947, ‘The greatest danger to the security of united states is the possibility of economic collapse in western Europe and the consequence accession to power of communist element. ‘ Looking back the Europe in 1957, there are guessing that at best, the Europe would be in decades of poverty and struggle; at worst, Europe will collapse back into civil war, fascism and communism. Truman doctrine is released before the Marshall plan and closely related to the plan. In 1947, March, President Truman told the US congress ‘to help free peoples to maintain in their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundation of international peace and hence the security of the united states. ’ The Truman doctrine was declared as a proposal to provide economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey for fighting against local communists, or as he named, ‘totalitarianism’. Compared with Truman doctrine, Marshall Plan focused more on the economic aid and the recovery of Europe. However, there is still similar intention between these two plans. If the Truman doctrine is the explicit counterattack to the soviet expansion, the Marshall plan is the implicit one. The short-term interests of the plan, which were not so vital to America, however, were worth to mention. You read "The Reason of Marshall Plan" in category "Papers" It has claimed by Americans that the primary intention of the plan is good-will for the recovery of Europe and soviet expansion urged them to establish the plan as soon as possible. However, there were also suspicions that the act of America was just self-serving and America was using Europe as an outlet for their goods. What is more, in some areas, the aid plan was not welcomed. It will be argued here that the short-term interests of the plan could be nearly negligible when compared with other reasons. The products were given for free from America and what American people can directly gain profits from is that all goods were distributed through American ships and were uploaded by the American dock man. The interweaving interests of America and Europe are prime reason behind the aunch of Marshall Plan. The sink of Europe or the sovietization of Europe did more than harm to America and like domino effects, it will threat the whole America’s safety. The primary concern for the plan is the safety and long-term development of the United States. Between the end of war and the announcement of the plan, there already were loan plans from America to Europe. As ad ditional conditions of the loan, the United States demanded Britain to give up the exchange control and make British currency fully convertible. Similarly, America asked France to abandon the protectionism and allow freer imports and exports. Though these plans failed at last, the intention of America was obvious, contributing to freer international trade, more stable currency exchange and wider international cooperation. The Marshall plan is claimed different from all the previous plans. First, the choice of whether to take it and how to use it is in the hands of Europe, and the role America played was just advisory. Second, the plan is a long-term strategic program, with the help of European recovery program. Third, the money attached to the plan is enormous, more than any previous United States oversea aid combined. If measured by GDP, the money cost 5% of American GDP, equal to 201 billion dollars in 2004. If measured with the value of dollars, the money is worth 100 billion dollars in 2004. Fourth, the plan is a larger European-scale plan, involved many countries into the plan simultaneously. Nevertheless, compared to the past plans, the declaration of the Marshall plan is another form or another positive trial of the same intention. Opinions of whether to declare the Marshall plan was initially divided within the United States. However, new dealers in most post-war administration favored the plan and viewed it as ‘an opportunity to reconstruct Europe in America’s image’. The program of ‘productivity mission’, funded by the Marshall plan, was to bring technical Europeans to learn the American way of economy and business. New dealers in America expected these managers and technicians could take the atmosphere of free trade and business cooperation back to Europe. Underlying the aim of Americanization of Europe, the pursuit of restoring long-term trade partner is more essential reason. A CIA director Allen Dulles said: ‘the plan supposes that we desire to help restore a Europe which can and will compete with us in the world markets and for that very reason will be able to buy substantial amounts of our products. ’ the establishment of closer ties for America with Europe could facilitate future business and political communication, and the decrease in distinction and gap could decrease the possibility of quarrel and war. In conclusion, the declining European economy led to the increasing attraction of communism. Faced with the sinking Europe and aggressive Soviet Union, the American government was pushed to launch the Marshall plan. Aligned with Truman doctrine, it is a diplomatic strategy of America to suppress the expansion of Soviet Union and maintain the common interests of Europe and America. Attached with the plan, there are also American blueprint for a prosperous international trade and cooperation within the western bloc without the interference from Soviet Union. The threats of communism are the main direct external factor that makes the plan available through the congress. The desire for a trade-free Europe and the presumably impossible negotiation with Soviet Union are the main reasons that make the plan come into being. The potential benefits of advancing America-Europe relationships and shaping a freer trade atmosphere are ambitious goals of the new dealers and the plan proves to have subtle but far-reaching influence on the integration of Europe. Word count: 1879 Bibliography Calbraith John, 1998. ‘Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95’ http://www. gwu. edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-2/galbraith1. tml 12 November 2012 Debouzy Marianne . 1998. ‘ interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy’ http://www. gwu. edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-3/debouzy1. html 11 November 2012 Eichengreen B. et al. , â€Å"The Marshall Plan: Economic Effects and Implications for Eastern Europe and the Former USSR†, in Economic Policy, 7, (1992) pp. 13-75 online available from http://www. jstor. org/stable/1344512 [18t h October 2012] Ellwood, David W. â€Å"The Impact of the Marshall Plan,† History 74 (October 1989) pp. 427–36. Hitchcock, W. I, ’The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’ in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1 (2010) pp. 154-174. Hogan Michael J. The Marshall Plan America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York: 1987) Judit, T. , ‘The rehabilitation of Europe’ in Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2006) pp. 63-99. Milward, A. S. (1989) â€Å"Was the Marshall Plan Necessary? † In Diplomatic History, pp. 231–252. Online available from http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1467-7709. 1989. tb00053. x/abstract [25th October 2012] Parrish S. D. â€Å"The turn toward confrontation: the soviet reaction to the Marshall plan, 1947† in cold war international history project working papers series ,9 (1994) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Barry Eichengreen, et al. , â€Å" The Marshall plan: economic effects and implications for Eastern Europe and the former USSR†, in Economic Policy, 7:14 (1992), pp. 16-18 [ 2 ]. Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1:8 (2010),p. 156 [ 3 ]. Ibid. , p. 157 [ 4 ]. Ibid. , p. 155 [ 5 ]. Tony Judt, â€Å"The rehabilitation of Europe†, in Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York,2006), p. 91. [ 6 ]. Ibid. , p. 95. [ 7 ]. Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1:8 (2010),p. 156. [ 8 ]. Calbraith John, 1998. ‘Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95’ 12 November 2012 [ 9 ]. Debouzy Marianne . 1998. ‘ interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy’ 11 November 2012 [ 10 ]. Tony Judt, â€Å"The rehabilitation of Europe† , p. 91. [ 11 ]. Ibid. , p. 93. [ 12 ]. Quoted in Tony Judt, ‘The rehabilitation of Europe’, p. 94. How to cite The Reason of Marshall Plan, Papers

Misogyny towards women free essay sample

Explain how a specific aspect of society displays misogyny to women? Do women still experience misogyny In todays world? The notion of misogyny towards women continues to be an ongoing debate In the past and present years In society. In some instances women still do experience misogyny in regards to certain issues whether it may be work related or Just in general. I will aim to illustrate and demonstrate through examples such as music (preferably hip hop/rap) and workplace pressures that surround the key issues of misogyny towards women.Misogyny can fall into many categories whether it being cultural, racial or on an international scope. Hip hop music continues to evolve and emphasis profoundly on women, some people perceive this matter to be offensive to women. Artists such as Naughty by Nature better known as N. W. A, Mine, Oil Wayne and Outpace Shaker have played a major role in regards to this. We will write a custom essay sample on Misogyny towards women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People have different perspectives in relation to this issue; some may view their work to be stating women as influential figures, while others may see their work to be quite belligerent.Misogyny is defined to be as an undesirable view of women with of combination of hatred whilst being bias (Aubrey, 2006). Women were seen more as housewives earlier In the 20th century by many people. Men in particular assumed that a womens job was basically to cook and clean for the family (Cellarer, TANSTAAFL Thompson 2011). The conceptualization of women has changed significantly over time, a womens role in todays society has become much more significant in comparison to the mid- 20th century.Collins (2011) states A womans role in todays society has significantly changed in regards to the ole they play In throughout society as a whole, whether it being In the workforce or at home. Misogyny may still be out there but has significantly Improved. This quote evidently defines the rights women have in todays world, and that misogyny may still be an ongoing issue despite the fact it has improved. The established and now known as more modernism 21st century caters for womens needs a lot more in comparison to previous times.With the right to now work, equality, employment rights, equivalent wages as well as different perceptions and views towards women. Misogyny Is being enameled In society. Focal points within the music (mainly hip hop/rap) have arguably had negative and In certain Instances positive outcomes towards misogyny. Since the launch of hip hop music, the concept of women throughout artists music such as Outpace, Mine, N. W. A and Oil Wanes lyrics have accentuated and depicted misogyny. Conversely through not only the meaning but significance of their songs.A study that was conducted between the periods of 1992-2003, and showed that 30% of songs defined that females were Just an object of desire for men, and that 63% of this misogynistic genre of song choice simply saw women as sexual objects. However only 7% defended the fact that they did not think that misogyny was shown towards women (Adams Fuller 2006). With the majority of male consumers partaking in their own views and outlooks of these emerging artists, Hip hop/Rap music not only contributed towards but as well as depicted misogyny as a whole.Terms commonly used such as prostitute and Count in their music conformed to such an pollen of HIP Hop/Rap music. An example of an artist of his albums he comes across quite vigor and rude towards women. In a particular instance threatening to kill his mother, showing blatant misogyny not only towards is mother but women in general. Misogyny is shown over and over in his music, as he refers to women as Bitched and Snakes (Skittles Lee 2009). For this reason an impression was formed that women were of absolutely no importance and were irrelevant in the Hip hop/ rap culture.Hip Hop/Rap has grown in the general public and has endured through many stages of modernization. Even though it has always been professed to show misogyny against women, it can also be debated that it portrays women in a positive outlook. These days, artists such as Oil Wayne have influenced the hip hop genre really describe women in their music as inspiring role models. Women in the workplace have had to put up with constant misogyny over the years. Bedside (2006) States The transmission of discrimination and misogyny towards women is wreaking havoc on our organization as women are treated poorly; no ethics or morals are displayed at times.Paying little attention since the womens movement first put in an appearance in the sass, womens right have come a long way (Lamaseries, 2000). These two quotes typically define how women were treated a lot more poorly in the sasss. Despite the fact womens rights have come a long way, Misogyny unfortunately still exists in todays society. Women were often seen as sovereign beings and felt like they were slaves to their husbands. They had barely any rights and at one point in time where not legally allowed to own their own property, take anyone to court and say no to sex.Women these days unfortunately sometimes have to put with workplace pressures such as sexual harassment from work colleagues. Recent research shows that sexism in the form of traditional stereotyping and prejudice, demeaning and derogatory comments are often made to omen in the workplace (Caymans, Guppy, Carr Stewart 2009). In todays society there is certainly a concern against misogyny to women in the workplace. Sexual harassment has proved to be a high concern as recent studies have shown. This causes them lower their morale and work life balance within the workplace. These are the issues that women every so often have to deal with. With the increasing diversity in organizations, the importance for women to evidently manage their work life and personal life is of utmost importance, but can be hard to maintain with the ongoing abuse they receive at times. The action of misogyny within the workplace space has taken numerous forms in its pursuit to influence out gender equity. The negative impact that has been brought out of misogyny and shown towards women at times in the workforce has been unbelievable.Adams Fuller (2006) state Women have matured over the years in tough environments, especially with the surroundings of the city working environment, they have been subject to a sexist agenda by predators such as men and unsuspecting women at times. The political and economic influence on the livelihood of women in overbearing, Misogyny has allowed for the alienation towards political platforms that women address. Women are not taken seriously and se en as not being commendable or strong enough to be able to hold positions within the government from the perspective of view of some men. Countries that face this dilemma are mainly African countries such as Kenya. These countries have a larger population of women over men yet the misogyny, is are not allowed political authority. An influential figure known as Oscar Posteriors Blade runner was charged with murdering his 29 year old girlfriend Reeve Statesman girlfriend on the 15th of February 2013 (Valentine, 2013). This is a perfect example of how misogyny is still around us. Accusations that Postscripts girlfriend was cheating on him were speculating to the point where he couldnt handle it anymore and then decided to take her life by shooting her.Gender based violence is carried out all around us and continues to exist in workplace, political, public and even urban spaces. There needs to be an understanding and conceptualized value of misogyny out there for people to see in order to stop these hate fuelled crimes. To sum up we can comprehend that Hip hip/rap in its early stages was strongly depicted as anti- enemies and given the perspective of view that misogyny has definitely come a long way in comparison to how it was years ago. Conversely the modernization of society had grown to give a more positive outlook in the genre of music.A platform has been established for modern artists these days to promote feminism in their music. Misogyny without a fact is a reoccurring that we are faced with in certain aspects of music as well as a workplace and political issue. This paper therefore illustrates the ongoing debate that misogyny exists in certain aspects of society and that misogyny is still out there. The root of misogyny as major shown through these pivotal points occur from gender based violence and sexist messages that provide a negative impact towards women. Misogyny towards women free essay sample Hip hop music continues to evolve and emphasis profoundly on women, some people perceive this matter to be offensive to women. Artists such as Naughty by Nature better known as N. W. A, Amine, Ill Wayne and Tuba Shaker have played a major role in regards to this. People have different perspectives in relation to this issue; some may view their work to be stating women as influential figures, while others may see their work to be quite belligerent. Misogyny is defined to be as an undesirable view of women with of combination of hatred whilst being bias (Aubrey, 2006).Women were seen more as housewives earlier in the 20th century by many people. Men in particular assumed that a womens job was basically to cook and clean for the family (Cellarer, TANSTAAFL Thompson 201 1). The conceptualization of women has changed significantly over time, a womens role in todays society has become much more significant in comparison to the mid- 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Misogyny towards women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Collins (2011 ) states A womans role in todays society has significantly changed in regards to the role they play in throughout society as a whole, whether it being in the workforce or at home. Misogyny may still be out there UT has significantly improved.This quote evidently defines the rights women have in todays world, and that misogyny may still be an ongoing issue despite the fact it has improved. The established and now known as more modernism 21 SST century caters for womens needs a lot more in comparison to previous times. With the right to now work, equality, employment rights, equivalent wages as well as different perceptions and views towards women. Misogyny is being minimized in society. Focal points within the music (mainly hip hop/rap) have arguably had negative and in certain instances positive outcomes towards misogyny.Since the launch of hip hop music, the concept of women throughout artists music such as Tuba, Amine, N. W. A and Ill Wanes lyrics have accentuated and depicted misogyny. Conversely through not only the meaning but significance of their songs. A study that was conducted between the periods of 1992-2003, and showed that 30% of songs defined that females were just an object of desire for men, and that 63% of this misogynistic genre of song choice simply saw women as sexual objects. However only 7% defended the fact that they did not think that misogyny was shown towards women (Adams Fuller 2006). With the majority of male consumers partaking in their own views and outlooks of these emerging artists, Hip hop/Rap music not only contributed towards but as well as depicted misogyny as a whole. Terms commonly used such as prostitute and Count in their music conformed to such an opinion of Hip Hop/Rap music. An example of an artist succumbing to such language can be known as Marshal Matters (Amine). In most of his albums he comes across quite vigor and rude towards women. In a particular instance threatening to kill his mother, showing blatant misogyny not only towards his mother but women in general.Misogyny is shown over and over in his music, as he refers to women as Pitches and Snakes (Skittles Lee 2009). For this reason an impression was formed that women were of absolutely no importance and were irrelevant in the Hip hop/ rap culture. Hip Hop/Rap has grown in the general public and has endured through many stages of modernization. Even though it has always been professed to show misogyny against women, it can also be debated that it portrays women in a positive outlook. These days, artists such as Ill Wayne have influenced the hip hop genre really describe women in their music as inspiring role models.Women in the workplace have had to put up with constant misogyny over the years. Bedside (2006) States The transmission of discrimination and misogyny towards women is wreaking havoc on our organization as women are treated poorly; no ethics or morals are displayed at times. Paying little attention since the womens movement first put in an appearance in the 1 sass, womens right have come a long way (Lamaseries, 2000). These two quotes typically define how women were treated a lot more poorly in the 1 asss. Despite the fact womens rights have come a long way, Misogyny unfortunately still exists in todays society.Women were often seen as sovereign beings and felt like they were slaves to their husbands. They had barely any rights and at one point in time where not legally allowed to own their own property, take anyone to court and say no to sex. Women these days unfortunately sometimes have to put with workplace pressures such as sexual harassment from work colleagues. Recent research shows that sexism in the form of traditional stereotyping and prejudice, demeaning and derogatory comments are often made to women in the workplace (Caymans, Guppy, Carr Stewart 2009).In todays society there is certainly a concern against misogyny to omen in the workplace. Sexual harassment has proved to be a high concern as recent studies have shown. This causes them lower their morale and work life balance within the workplace. These are the issues that women every so often have to deal with. With the increasing diversity in organizations, the importance for women to evidently manage their work life and personal life is of utmost importance, but can be hard to maintain with the ongoing abuse they receive at times.The action of misogyny within the workplace space has taken numerous forms in its pursuit to influence out gender equity. The active impact that has been brought out of misogyny and shown towards women at times in the workforce has been unbelievable. Adams Fuller (2006) state Florien have matured over the years in tough environments, especially with the surroundings of the city working environment, they have been subject to a sexist agenda by predators such as men and unsuspecting women at times.The political and economic influence on the livelihood of women in overbearing, Misogyny has allowed for the alienation towa rds political platforms that women address. Women are not taken seriously and seen as not being commendable or strong enough to be able to hold sections within the government from the perspective of view of some men. Countries that face this dilemma are mainly African countries such as Kenya. These countries have a larger population of women over men yet the misogyny, is even instilled in todays society and has become a problem where women in Kenya are not allowed political authority.An influential figure known as Oscar Posterior Blade runner was charged with murdering his 29 year old girlfriend Reeve Statement girlfriend on the 1 5th of February 201 3 (Valentine, 2013). This is a perfect example of how misogyny is still around s. Accusations that Postscripts girlfriend was cheating on him were speculating to the point where he couldnt handle it anymore and then decided to take her life by shooting her. Gender based violence is carried out all around us and continues to exist in workplace, political, public and even urban spa ces. There needs to be an understanding and conceptualized value of misogyny out there for people to see in order to stop these hate fuelled crimes. To sum up we can comprehend that Hip hip/rap in its early stages was strongly depicted as anti-feminist and given the perspective of view that goosing has definitely come a long way in comparison to how it was years ago. Conversely the modernization of society had grown to give a more positive outlook in the genre of music. A platform has been established for modern artists these days to promote feminism in their music.Misogyny without a fact is a reoccurring that we are faced with in certain aspects Of music as well as a workplace and political issue. This paper therefore illustrates the ongoing debate that misogyny exists in certain aspects of society and that misogyny is still out there. The root of misogyny as major hon. through these pivotal points occur from gender based violence and sexist messages that provide a negative impact towards women. Individuals should be able to realize to conceptualized level of misogyny that occurs on a socio-economic towards women.

Magical Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay Example

Magical Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay Example Magical Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude Paper Magical Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude Paper Examples of Magical Realism Latin American roller where the enchantment of magical concepts Is Incorporated with realistic Ideals. It Is a genre In which magic and reality are not two separate and autonomous types of literature. Instead, the two seemingly conflicting writing styles are merged to make a unique and unwonted, yet familiar style of literary work. Various magical ideas ranging from flying carpets to floating up into the heavens are inputted into the daily lives of the Bundies as well as those who they interact with in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs book One Hundred Years of Solitude. It is not unusual to encounter the supernatural in this novel. Neither is it uncommon to find people, and even animals losing their sanity over what to us may seem like something not worthy of even bothering about. However, Macon, along with the Bundies, does not lose its sense of reality In such a way that the town and Its people retain their earthiness despite all of the unrealistic happenings In the story. Garcia Marquee starts off his novel with a flashback of the time when the town of Macon was still young. Gypsies, who are generally considered to be a magical people, annually return to this town to show its few citizens their inventions. They bring in items such as metal ingots that attract metallic items unseen for a period of time. Unheard of to the very first citizens of the town of Macon, it was definitely and invention that did not cease, but instead increased their curiosity. Nowadays, however, it is known that these two metal ingots were magnets. Still in the very first chapter of One Hundred Years of Solitude, a boy by the name of Aurelian Is born to Ã'Å¡Ursula Agrarian and Joss © Arcadia Buena. He Is the first person to be born In Macon. Aurelian Is said to have wept while he was still In his mothers womb, and he Is also said to have been born with his eyes open. Babies cannot really cry whilst soul In their mothers womb. Babies also cannot be born with their eyes open. However, Gabriel Garcia Marquee is able to make it seem like it is actually possible to have these things happen in the real world. Perhaps one of the most commonly used examples of magical realism that can be found in this book is one of the existence of ghosts in the lives of the townspeople of Macon. Numerous times, the ghost of Pronounced Jugular Is seen by both Ã'Å¡Ursula Agrarian, and her husband, Joss © Arcadia Buena. At first, Joss © Arcadia Buena says that these encounters are Just because they cant stand the weight of their conscience, since Pronounced Jugular was killed by Joss © Arcadia Buena out of anger. This soon proves to be too much for Joss © Arcaded Buena. This final night that Joss © Arcaded Buena ever sees the ghost of Pronounced Jugular, he says, Its all right, Pronounced, were going to leave this town, just as far away as we can go, and well never come Dock. Go In peace now. (25) I Nils Is want set Tontine excursion AT several f Joss © Arcadia Bandits friends and their families. Ghosts are not unheard of to many, yet they are not a part of peoples live either. Many people do not even believe in ghosts or anything that has to do with the supernatural. Unusual to many of us these days, the idea of ghosts may be one that scares us or is even downright absurd. In the town of Macon, however, it may Just well be that ghosts are the townspeople. When the ghosts of Maladies and Joss © Arcadia Buena, along with the other ghosts are seen in the town, nobody seems to mind them, Just like no one else really minds the other citizens of Macon that are alive. The only ghost that is really paid any attention to in the story is the ghost of the gypsy, Maladies. Prior to the encounters with these ghosts, however, there was no death in Macon. People lived for quite a long time during those days considering the state they were in. It is this idea of the extremes that really allows for the reader to grasp the concept of magical realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude. Aside from living for quite a long time, the people of Macon also encounter the extremes brought upon them by nature. They go through a seemingly endless downpour of rain as well as a terrible heat wave that drives many mad. A plague of insomnia also causes the townspeople not to be able to sleep and in its more advanced stages, causes a loss of memory. Furthermore, outsiders, who the townspeople call gringos, shoot down more than three thousand of the people who work for their banana company. Yet, not one person in the village of Macon remembers this massacre. This is the magical part of the term magical realism. It is not really the enchanted fairy tale idea that many have conceived magic as, however. The magic, in this case, is how seemingly everyday occurrences (aside from the massacre) are made to be more than they really are. Maybe during the early years of the world, when the story of the Bundies happened, these occurrences were really plausible. But, being read many, many years after the story of the Bundies supposedly occurred, a great number of things has changed about the world we now live in. Rains do not last for five years. Heat waves do not necessarily drive people and animals insane. People do not Just forget about a massacre. It is this feeling of unusual, yet valid occurrences being larger-than-life that gives the reader a sense of something fantastic in their own world, as well as in the world of the Buena family. Where, and how, then, does Gabriel Garcia Marquee incorporate reality into the story? Reality can be found in the town of Macon itself. Although its citizens may react differently to situations that one might expect, the town itself is as close to reality as it can possibly get. The sense of community in the town is generally now different to practically every real community in the world. It is what holds its people together even when the people are tearing themselves apart. Reality in One Hundred Years of Solitude is also found in the lives of the townspeople. People in Macon are just like most people in the real world. They have a family, friends, work which allows teem to soups TN art messes. I nee nave run, out teen also nave times AT solemnity and sadness. Being this realistic, One Hundred Years of Solitude furthermore engages its readers, because they can relate, even Just partially to what is happening to the characters in the story. The success, then, of the use of magical realism in the story can be found through the various extremes of occurrences and their being relatable to its readers. It is because the happenings in the story are somewhat grandiose compared to what any may experience in their everyday lives that makes the fantastic so appealing. It is also how these fantastic experiences are made relatable by the sense of community and togetherness. Magic and reality are two seemingly opposing and contradictory words. Yet, when put together by a very capable author, stories familiar and unfamiliar at the same time can be presented to use. It is this intermingling of two genres that makes for an even more interesting plot in One Hundred Years of Solitude. What more can be said about the success of a book that has won the Nobel Prize?

Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce

Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce Jiggery-pokery and Pure Applesauce By Maeve Maddox The choice of words in a recent Supreme Court dissent prompted this email from a reader: Justice Scalia recently used the terms pure applesauce and jiggery-pokery. I was able to find what jiggery-pokery means but not pure applesauce. Can you help? Jiggery-pokery, as the reader presumably discovered, is a colloquial expression meaning â€Å"deceitful or dishonest manipulation; hocus pocus, humbug.† Merriam-Webster labels it â€Å"chiefly British.† Applesauce is an informal expression meaning, â€Å"insincere flattery, lies.† The OED labels it â€Å"North American slang,† but I found examples in Australian and British usage. â€Å"Pure applesauce† is â€Å"nonsense unmixed with a shred of honesty or truth.† Examples of applesauce to mean nonsense or invention: â€Å"Well, I need you to understand, Lindsay, that that is  a load of applesauce.- Dale: Image of Innocence, Roo Palmer (Australian novelist), 2010.   â€Å"All those grandmas want to talk about the vote. Thats nothing but  a load of applesauce.† Lilies in Moonlight: A Novel, Allison K. Pittman, 2011. â€Å"Well, flattering as this passage may be to my self-esteem, it is, as far as my recollection goes, pure applesauce.†- Owen Barfield (British philosopher), quoted in C. S. Lewiss List: The Ten Books That Influenced Him Most, 2015.   Examples of jiggery-pokery to mean â€Å"deceitful or manipulative goings-on†: But  spare me  this nationalist  jiggery pokery; no one needs to hear it- Reader comment. God only knows what jiggery pokery has been going on with the judicial branch but Id be shocked if they havent also been compromised.- Reader comment. I’ve been busy of late with the new jiggery pokery that is The Children and Families Act  2014, Part 3.- A blogger on children’s issues. Dont come to me with your sociological jiggery-pokery; its all coincidence and barely worthy of remark.- The Guardian (UK). Examples of jiggery-pokery to mean â€Å"manipulation of objects†: Ever since then, Ive been a secret advocate of the ancient Chinese art of needle-based jiggery pokery.- Article about acupuncture, The Week (UK).   I did some techno-jiggery-pokery to let me watch videos outside the country they were meant to be viewed in, but that was in Firefox.- Reader comment in The Guardian. The thrill of it all is in the reactions of the spooked, rather than the clever jiggery-pokery that allows furniture to become mobile or a marble to stop dead at someone’s feet.- Review of The Enfield Haunting, a television miniseries, The Guardian. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should Know15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Risk Factors of Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk Factors of Culture - Research Paper Example â€Å"Business has†, Ball & Wendell submit, â€Å"entered the era of the one-world market. Increasingly, companies are going overseas to attain sales and profits unavailable to them in their home markets.† (1993:6) In addition, since technological revolution has made communication and traveling very fast and speedy, it has also become very convenient for the individuals to travel to even the remotest corners of the globe for business, education and employment purposes. Consequently, the fast means of traveling have brought the nations closer to each other and have paved the way towards the formation of diversified corporate culture particularly in the USA, China and the Western World. As a result, the individuals having different cultural backgrounds are now working shoulder to shoulder with one another under one roof in various corporate firms as workers and employees, which has given birth to the idea of cultural amalgamation and outsourcing. Thus, cultural amalgamati on has altered the entire corporate atmosphere from top to bottom, where the professionals belonging to different racial, ethnic and religious groups have to work as colleagues, bosses and sub-ordinates under one and the same environment. Not only this that the businesses have witnessed imperative boom and escalation in the aftermath of cultural diversification, and has proved extremely profitable for the companies, but also such a profound development has turned out to be beneficial for the consumers and end-users, because the incurring of the global talent has given a go to the manufacturing of innovative products and wide range of choice available for the consumers in the market. Consequently, the concept of universal co-existence has helped out in respect of mitigating the prejudices like nationalism and regionalism, and businesses observe unabated flourishing at global level. In the same way, there have appeared inevitable risks of some negative impacts too

Ethical Issues in Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Issues in Research - Essay Example It studies the principles about how we should do things right. We study ethics in order to improve our lives, and therefore its principal concern is the nature of human well-being. (Aristotles Ethics, 2007) Despite all these supposed advantages, there are still numerous ethical issues. This is because people interpret ethics differently. I might think of something as ethical while it may be totally unethical for another person. This is what leads to ethical problems and concerns. In the context of research, let's say, that a scientist feels that it is perfectly moral to test medicine on animals. He thinks so because his priority is benefit of science. An environmentalist, on the other hand, may feel apprehended at the thought of animals being made test subjects because his utmost priority is to protect the environment. What can we say about ethics here Both parties, in their places, are entirely reasonable. However, an ethical issue arises because both have different conventions for distinguishing between right and wrong. These issues are faced everyone everyday. Everybody comes to a point where they have to decide between what's right and what's not. This dilemma becomes especially apparent when carrying out research. There are specific norms for everything; in case of ethics of research, they are the aims or goals to be applied to people who conduct research in a systematic and scientific manner or other scholarly or creative activities, and there is a specific discipline, research ethics, on which these norms are based (Resnik, 2007). Ethical Issues Like mentioned above, these norms serve the goals of research. What are these goals The most important goal of research clearly is to find out whatever is possible about what is being studied. How does sticking to these ethical norms achieve this aim The answer is in the following section. While we get to that, we will study about the conflict of research and ethics.The biggest problem with carrying out ethical research is that it doesn't give perfectly naturalistic results. Either you can have an absolutely ecologically valid study or you can be absolutely moralistic and adhere to every ethical norm. Ecological validity is when the study is true to life. One may think, what has that got to do with ethics To carry out an ecologically valid research, it is important that subjects don't know about a lot of things that could cause demand bias characteristics or results that are affected by preconceived notions. And if subjects don't know a lot of things, this means that they haven't bee n told by the researchers and this is unethical. Researchers, on the other hand, may say that it was ethical as they kept things private for the benefit of science. Nevertheless, for an average person, it is unethical to keep things from the subjects of the study. This ethical issue is an honesty issue. Apart from honesty, another concern is confidentiality. When researchers carry out research and find amazing results, they feel obliged to share it with the rest if the world even if it means breaching of the initial agreement. Information about participants is leaked out and this too for them is for the good of science. Sharing results is one thing, while breaking a contact is another. The

English Copyright Law

English Copyright Law English copyright law does not protect ‘ideas but the ways in which these ideas are expressed. This was established in Harman Pictures NV v Osborne (1967) and recently affirmed in the case involving the Da Vinci Code novel, Baigent and Leigh v The Random House Group (2006).Where the work has been literally reproduced there can be no question of copying. However, difficulty arises where use is made of subtle aspects of style, commonly referred to as ‘non textual copying. The impact that copyright law has had on the computer industry and internet use has also led to much discussion about the effectiveness of the law in this dynamic and ever changing area. The courts, who see the matter as being one of degree, continue to adopt a narrow perspective on what constitutes infringement of copyright. The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 aims to protect work in the following categories: literary, musical, dramatic, typographical arrangement and artistic. The Copyright Computer Program Regulations 1992 included computer programs within the list of literary works along with books and song lyrics. The protection afforded by the Act includes prohibition against any work in the above categories being copied, adapted or distorted without the consent of the copyright owner. Based on s16 of the CDPA 1998 the court has formulated the following test to establish whether there has been an infringement of copyright. Firstly, the work for which copyright protection is being claimed must be clearly identified and established as original. Secondly there must be evidence that this original work has been copied. Thirdly, if the work has been copied, then the courts must decide whether a substantial part of the work has been reproduced. This test was outlined by Jacob J In Ibcos Computers Ltd v Barclays Mercantile Highland Finance Ltd (1994). The defendant created a computer accounting package and licensed it to the claimant. Together, they later marketed the package as (ADS) under the company name PK Ltd where the defendant was the sole employee and Managing Director. The defendant then left the company and joined a competitor as a consultant. There he wrote a programme called ‘Unicorn designed to compete with (ADS). Later the Claimants claimed the Unicorn was developed from (ADS) and therefore infringed their copyright. The court held that (ADS) was a compilation and that copyright existed in the individual programs, their various modifications as well as the whole suite. On comparing Unicorn and (ADS) there appeared to be overwhelming evidence of copying. The latter was an enhancement of the former and not an independent creation. In the absence of independent evidence similarities were due to copying as opposed to the defendants individual programming style. The striking similarities in the interaction of individual components in both packages caused the court to conclude that the ‘substantial part arm of the copyright infringement test had been satisfied. The copyright in the whole (ADS) package as well as the individual copyrights had been infringed. In arriving at his decision, Jacob J provided some guidance on general and detailed ideas rejecting the analysis in the earlier case of John Richardson Computers v Flanders (1993) where the American model for assessing infringement was adopted. He held that this was an incorrect approach which would lead to unnecessary complications. ‘For myself I do not find the route of going via United States case law particularly helpful. It is likely to lead to [the] over citation of United States authority based on a statute different from ours. In the end the matter must be left to the value judgment of the court He dissented from the view held by Judge Baker in Total Information Processing Systems Ltd v Daman Ltd (1992) and was of the opinion that the table of contents of a novel could be compared to the data division component of a computer programme. They could both be integral to the success of the work and sufficient to constitute a detailed idea. They could also constitute a substantial part of the work depending on the skill labour and judgement involved their compilation. In deciding whether a substantial part of a work has been copied one must look at the words of a novel and source code of a computer program as well as other factors such as, the plot of a novel and general structure of a computer programme. He held, ‘I therefore think it right to have regard in this case not only toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦literal similarities but also to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ program structure and design features Later on in his judgment he questioned whether copyright subsisted in the ‘design features of the programme as highlighted by the plaintiff. In any event he was of the opinion that even if they could be afforded copyright protection the ideas were not detailed enough to form a substantial part of the work. ‘We are here at a level of generality where there is little of the programmers skill, labour and judgment. Even if the set were copyright, the mere taking of those functions would not be an infringement-it would be the taking of a mere general idea or scheme In relation to the contention that if there is only one way of expressing an idea that way cannot be subject to copyright, Jacob J held that this was an error and copyright could still exist. Again dissenting from the opinion of Judge Baker in Total he submitted that Kenrick v Lawrence (1890) was not authority for this proposition. In the Kenrick case the issue was whether copyright existed in the picture of a hand showing voters how to vote. He held that this was an idea and the decision in this case is authority only for the proposition that there is no copyright in an idea as a different picture displaying the same idea would not constitute infringement. Speaking directly about general and detailed ideas, Jacob J asserted that in relation to all work, ‘The true position is that where an idea is sufficiently general, then even if an original work embodies it, the mere taking of that idea will not infringe. But if the idea is detailed, then there may be infringement. It is a question of degree It is therefore important to assess how the courts have set out to separate the expression of the idea in detail from the general idea itself. It seems that in the former, attention is given to finer details of the work. In the final analysis, a balancing act must be performed to protect the author of the idea and encourage literary and technological innovation. Over the past decade there have been many cases involving the protection of computer source and object codes much like an author would seek to protect the words of a book. In John Richardson Computers v Flanders the courts extended the concept of an idea to include user interfaces stating that the way a program is used and responds to a user should also be copyrighted. Here the plaintiffs claimed that the defendants had copied the ‘look and feel of their computer software developed for the pharmaceutical industry. However as computer use became more widespread courts had to reconsider copyrighting ‘look and feel or ‘business logic of programs. This was highlighted in the case of Navitaire Inc v Easyjet Airline Co Ltd (2004) where Navitaire claimed that Easyjet online ticketless booking system eRes was a copy of their original programme, Openres. Navitaire owned the copyright in the source code for the computer programme and did not allege at any time during the case that this was copied. The allegation centred on the fact that eRes was almost indistinguishable from OpenRes in relation to the ‘user interface or interaction between user and programme. The Plaintiffs alleged non textual copying in relation to the ‘look and feel of running OpenRes, user commands to achieve particular results and screen reports in response to user instructions. Copying was alleged of the whole of OpenRes or the various modules that make up the system. What was further considered in this case was whether there could be an infringement where two computer programs produce the same results but the author of the latter had no information of the former apart from the end function. In this scenario the question arises as to whether the general idea alone has been copied or something more detailed. No infringement was found in Navitaire and it was held that to side with the plaintiffs in this case would be â€Å"an unjustifiable extension of copyright protection†. Simon Stokes in The development of UK software copyright law notes, ‘In light of Navitaire, the chances of a successful software copyright look and feel case appear limited unless there is a clear misappropriation of a copyright workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or underlying source code. In Nova Productions Ltd v Mazooma Games Ltd (2006) the restrictive approach in Navitaire was reaffirmed. Here the defendant produced a computer programme based on the game of pool that was similar to that of the plaintiff although he had no access to the original source codes. Again the plaintiff here alleged that although the computer programme language or sources were not copied, the user interface or ‘look and feel of the programme was. It was held that parts of the computer programme copied were of a â€Å"high level of generality or abstraction†, common in the industry and did not form a substantial part of the program itself. The court agreed with the Navitaire judgement and stated, â€Å"merely making a programme which will emulate another but which in no way involves copying the programme code or any of the programs graphics is legitimate† The present state of the law is that copying the end result of a computer programme in itself does not constitute infringing its copyright. In both Navitaire and Nova, the court included in its judgement the provisions of the Software Directive recitals 13-15. The Directive provides that, the expression of a computer program is protected but ideas and principles which underlie any element of a program or its interfaces are not. Many believe that spells bad news for creators and brand owners. In the European Intellectual Property Review, Peter Nunn states, ‘As the law currently stands, non-textual copying claims in the software field appear doomed: ideas and user interfaces can seemingly be freely copied It would be useful to consider the courts approach in other cases regarding protected work. In the case of Green v Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand [1989] the issue of general and detailed ideas were also discussed in relation to a television broadcast. Here the British presenter Hughie Green sought to sue a New Zealand television station for copyright infringement of the format of his game show, Opportunity Knocks. The English Privy Council however rejected this attempt to claim that the format was a dramatic work, asserting that there was no copyright in an idea and the format as presented was ‘conspicuously lacking in certainty. This has led to difficulties in the television industry in relation to protecting various unscripted game show formats however unique and original they might be. Lord Bridge stated that there was, â€Å"difficulty [in] the concept that a number of allegedly distinctive features of a television series can be isolated from the changing material presented in each separate performance (the acts of the performers in the talent show, the question and answers in the quiz show etc.) and identified as an â€Å"original dramatic work† In the more recent case of Miles v ITV Network (2004) again involving television format rights it does not appear that English copyright law has moved any further forward. The claimant James Miles supplied ITV with promotional material for a cartoon programme where the main characters were a traffic light and traffic furniture. Later, ITV launched a programme called Dream Street where a recovery truck was the main character. Although Mr Miles conceded that the look and feel of the two programmes were very different, there were similarities between the characters and the presence of traffic equipment. However, the creator of Dream Street produced evidence to show that his work had been in existence before Mr Miles sent his material to ITV. The appeal was dismissed on the basis that the only similarity between he two programmes being the use of traffic equipment meant that the claim was ‘hopelessly weak Mr Justice Laddie in IPC Media Ltd v Highbury-SPL Publishing Ltd [2004] drew on the Green case in his ruling on whether IPCs Ideal Home Magazines design, subject matter and presentational style had been copied. Perhaps it is the presentation of its case in this manner that caused the judge to conclude that what they were trying to protect was the general idea behind the magazine as opposed to the expression in the idea evidenced by the detail, in content cover and articles. Justice Laddie quoted from the Green Judgement as follows: ‘The protection which copyright gives, creates a monopoly and there must be certainty in the subject matter of such monopoly in order to avoid injustice to the rest of the world: The issue here is of course as with television programmes magazine formats remain skeletal as to allow a dimension of spontaneity and creativity within the series. It is therefore difficult to pinpoint a detailed format and attach a copyright to it if details change monthly or even weekly. Justice Laddie concluded that the design techniques used by IPC were common in the industry and could have been applied by anyone designing a home magazine. Because the nature of a magazines cover and contents is to keep the buyer interested by constantly changing various features, it was difficult for IPC to state clearly what had been copied. No infringement was held to have taken place and again the English courts refused to extend copyright protection to general ideas. Justice Laddie concluded, â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even if, contrary to my findings, Highbury had been â€Å"inspired† in some of its design choices by what it saw in IDEAL HOME, it would have been at far too high a level of generality to amount to infringement of copyright.† The plaintiffs in IPC struggled to prove their case for copyright protection and may have succeeded if they had alleged ‘passing off as their focus seemed to be on a visual comparison of the two magazines. This matter was addressed in Designer Guild Limited v. Russell Williams (Textiles) Limited (Trading As Washington Dc) [2000] and referred to in the IPC judgement as well as other subsequent cases. Here both parties were designers of wallpapers and fabrics. The plaintiffs alleged infringement of one of their designs. The trial judge found that the defendants had access to the original work and had copied a substantial part of it. The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal who after making a visual comparison held that the two designs were not sufficiently similar and highlighted a number of differences. The Court of Appeal held that although there was some copying this did not form a substantial part of the work and therefore allowed the appeal. The claimants then appealed to the House of Lords who agreed with the initial trial judges decision that the copied features formed a substantial part of the plaintiffs work. Lord Millet commented that the judge who found for the defendants in the Court of Appeal erred in his approach as he treated what was a copyright case as though the claim was one for ‘passing off. If passing off had been alleged, it would have been sufficient for the court to have used visual similarities as a main point of comparison as here the charge would have been the defendants taking the plaintiffs goods and trying to ‘pass them off as their own. Where there is insufficient similarity on a visual inspection the action will fail. In the case of copyright however, the preoccupation is not with the appearance of the defendants work but with its origin. In the area of film, the extent of protection offered by copyright law has also been discussed in Christoffer v Poseidon Film Distributors Ltd [1999]. Here the court had to decide amongst other matters whether Mr Chistoffers copyright in the film script of the story of the Cyclops based on Book IX of Homers Odyssey had been infringed by the film production company Poseidon. On the basis that there was evidence of direct copying and adaptation of the Cyclops script in which Mr Christoffer held the copyright, infringement was found on the part of Poseidon. Justice Parks highlighted that words in the final script do not have to be identical in order for there to be sufficient evidence of copying. ‘In the context of a literary work the concept of copying embraces taking the content of the work, or of a substantial part of it, and reproducing it, whether or not the alleged infringer reproduces the content by using the original authors words or by using his own words In relation to books, protecting the expression of ideas was discussed in Harman Pictures v Osborne (1967) where an injunction was granted to restrain the production of a film on the grounds that it infringed the copyright in the claimants book as phrases and expressions were directly copied and they both ended with exactly the same quotation. Baigent and Leigh v The Random House Group (2007) is the most recent case in which the court have had to decide on the issue of copyright in books and whether a substantial part of a work had been reproduced. The claimants were publishers of a 1992 book, the Holy Blood and the Holy Grail and the defendants the publishers of Dan Browns 2003 novel entitled Da Vinci Code. Baigent and Leigh contended that in writing six chapters of Da Vinci Code a substantial part of their work had been copied. The claim was dismissed at trial however the claimant were granted leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal. Mr Justice Smith who heard the case in the first instance agreed that the six chapters highlighted were based largely on the claimants work but still went on to reject the copyright claim. Lord Justice Floyd in the appeal judgement reiterated how the courts would assess a claim for breach of copyright in a literary work. Firstly if there was material in both an early and later work and the author of the later had access to the former, an inference of copying is made. The court would then look closely at the material to establish if there was in fact any copying and whether this amounted to a substantial part. Baigent and Leigh did not contend that the text of their work was copied directly or that it was in some way adapted. The claim was that Dan Brown had copied the ‘theme of their work in his novel. The courts therefore had to decide whether the theme was protected by copyright bearing in mind the established law that copyright does not subsist in ideas but the expression of these ideas. Dan Brown did not deny that there was a similarity in theme between the two works but contended that he derived this material from other sources. Dan Brown also argued that if the claimants work had been used, the part copied was at a high level of generality and for this same reason could not be said to constitute a substantial part of the claimants work. The judge concluded that a central theme did not exist in the original work as if it did, it would have been recorded somewhere. â€Å"If it was one would have expected at least to find somewhere a statement that this is the Central Theme. This is where the Green case [Green v Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand [1989] RPC 700] is relevant.† He went on to conclude that if there was such a theme it was too generalised and therefore on the wrong side of the line between ideas and their expression. The judge held that the claimants failed to show structure and architecture to their scheme which remained a number of facts, ideas and assertions. This being the case, there is insufficient evidence of the skill labour and judgement needed in order to attach copyright to it. On appeal, Lord Mummery agreed with the courts decision and dismissed the appeal after clarifying the need to separate issues of copyright subsistence and infringement. The issue was not whether what was outlined by the Claimant as a central theme was copyrightable but whether it had been copied and whether it formed as a substantial part of the original work. It is in relation to these two points that the judges found the claimants had failed to establish their case. The above cases highlight the complexities faced by claimant, defendant and judge in protecting copyright in any given work. The efforts expounded in the original work and the need to encourage creativity are both in fierce competition with each other. Simon Stokes seems to suggest the reason for this balancing act is because, ‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦go too far one way and innovation is stifled because the public domain of ideas is encroached upon; go too far the other way and copyright creators may be disinclined to create copyright works if the law does not adequately protect their works Non textual copying where there is no clear evidence of a direct reproduction of the work will continue to be difficult to prove for so long as it is the expression of the idea that attracts copyright and not the idea itself. In relation to magazine and TV industries, the IPC case indicates that it would be extremely difficult to succeed in a copyright claim where there are changing formats envisaged. Peter Nunn States, Laddie J. found that so many elements of the â€Å"format† which the claimants sought to protect were commonplace, including the strapline on the front coverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that he arguably shut the door on future claims to protect a magazines format It would be fair to say especially on analysing the Baigent judgement that the ideaexpression dichotomy works on two levels, both in relation to copyright subsistence and also to its infringement. In relation to subsistence the courts continue to assert that there can be no copyright in a general idea as was the case in Green and IPC. In relation to copyright infringement, Baignet shows that taking a general idea in a copyright work will not constitute infringement. The balance to be struck by the court appears to be a ‘work in itself as the facts of each case must be carefully examined as what may appear to be an expression is only an idea due to its generality, the fact that it could have been obtained from a number of other sources or it is common practice in a particular industry. What follows in establishing infringement is the concept of substantiality which the courts assess by weighing the amount of skill and judgement applied to the original work. Perhaps Chen Lin Saw rightly observes in Protecting the Sound of Silence in 433†, ‘While the idea-expression dichotomy is well established in copyright law and is easy to state in theory, its actual application in practice is still masked by a cloud of mystery and uncertainty